,1,The early history of Japan has long been an enigma, cloaked in the obscurity of millennia. But as with so many other places, the wonders of population genetics and advances in archaeology are finally answering many of the most central questions of Japanese identity. Who are the Japanese people? From where did their ancestors immigrate? Which of their oral traditions and myths have been supported by science, and which contradicted?
A new research initiative in Japan, the JEWEL (https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adi8419) study, has confirmed many elements of new theories that have begun to come into focus regarding the three major waves of migration into Japan over the last 40,000 years. The first, of the proto-Jōmon, has been known for quite some time. The Yayoi, who migrated from Central China through the Korean Peninsula ~2500 years ago, have begun to be well documented also. But a new migration, previously unknown in the historical and archaeological record, has revealed that during the Kofun period ~1600 years ago, a large silent migration crossed the Sea of Japan from the Yellow River basin in China and parts further north, contributing a Han Chinese and Northeast Asian component to the modern Japanese genetic profile of as much as 71%.
How these discoveries fit into the wider history of Japan until the dawn of the Shogunate era in 1159 is the focus of this episode. Please sit back and delight in the stories and imagery of classic Japan!
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,1,Here is King Charles of the Franks, Charlemagne, the Father of Europe, Holy Roman Emperor (748-814 CE). His biography is from one of his closest advisors and confidantes, the scholar Einhard (775-840 CE), with an introduction by the medieval scholar abbot Walafridus Strabo (808-849 CE). Both Strabo and Einhard make efforts to convince their readers and listeners that this account is absolutely historically perfect because Einhard was there. As such, we are supposed to receive it as uncritically as we would a sermon from the Bible. Such ideas of objective impartiality were well-accepted in this age. But finding Einhard's oblique opinions hidden in the reportage makes for fascinating research. For example, Queen Fastrada seems to represent all that was ever wrong about the reign of Charles to Einhard, and the concubine who followed her is so little loved that he omits her name from the historical record entirely, pretending that he doesn't recall the name of the mother of one of the children of the King.
Einhard speaks on the 47 years of war and conquest, but also on the domestic and personal sides of Charles. He covers something of the history of the French royal houses and discusses the religion, law, and culture of the 8th - 9th century Franks. But as with any story of Charlemagne, this account encompasses the known world, from Persia to Denmark, from Scotland to Beneventum. What is so fascinating about this account is that it is such a clear and extended look at an individual who lived over 1200 years ago--and not just any individual but one of the most extraordinary figures in the historical record. Einhard works quite hard to try to communicate the grandeur and force of Charlemagne as a person, hoping to convey to us how a single man was able to build such a great empire.
This is a new adaptation I've written from public-domain versions of the text which attempts to make it as accessible and clear to a modern audience as possible. As such, it is not a word-perfect translation. Certain flourishes have been edited out and other concepts and passages have been expanded so that the audience might understand them better. Apologies for the French accent.
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,1,The earliest eyewitness account of Vikings, now available in an accessible modern adaptation.
The heartwrenching tale of the death of an unnamed slave girl.
A travelogue of Central Asia in a time of which we have no other record.
All this through the eyes of an Islamic jurist sent in a delegation to the Volga heartland.
Aḥmad ibn Faḍlān departed Baghdad in 921 CE and headed east and north. His are the earliest recorded observations of those we consider Vikings, and they occurred far from their lands of origin. That is why some consider them Volga Vikings or Varangians, whose immediate ancestors had sailed from Scandinavia down the Volga to found the city of Kiev and build an empire.
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,1,From the shores of Lake Ohrid in Macedonia to the banks of the Danube in Serbia, the growing discoveries of Neolithic Europe just keep coming. Stretching further back in time over ten thousand years now and growing richer and deeper in complexity, what we now understand about the Starčevo Culture, the Hamangia, the Vinča and the Varna, is that early Southeastern Europe held a flowering of culture unsurpassed for thousands of years at the dawn of modern times.
While we examine many of these early cultures, it's impossible to be comprehensive. The Neolithic era spans thousands of years, with innumerable cultures rising and falling in turn, until the eventual end of what has been referred to as Old Europe at the hands of the Proto-Indo-Europeans at the onset of the Eneolithic.
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,1,Imputed genomes and haplotype-based analyses of the Picts of early medieval Scotland reveal fine-scale relatedness between Iron Age, early medieval and the modern people of the UK
Follow along at this open access link: https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1010360#pgen.1010360.ref052
Before the modern Scots, before the Angles and Saxons and Nordic populations of the Danelaw, before the Romans... Scotland was the land of the Picts. But where have these mysterious populations gone? In one of the first genetic analyses of Pictish Scotland, the authors of this PLOS Genetics article chart the results of eight bodies from Pictish graves from Ballintore and Lundin Links, Scotland.
This is an initial study, not nearly as comprehensive as those done in neighboring England and Ireland, but the data indicate the movements of ancient populations over the millennia, and the authors promise further studies to come. So for you lovers of Scotland, wonder no more about the fate of the Picts, for their history is written in their genes.
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,1,In this video Seth from the "World History by a Jew" YouTube Channel, takes us into the Bronze Age Collapse, the origin of Philistinians and Palestinians.
From archaeology, written history, DNA studies and etymologies he gives a broad and in-depth overview of the origin of Palestinians and the Philistines while dispelling many myths and misconceptions about these two subjects.
Check out the YouTube Channel World History by a Jew at this link:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChgYylevHSxE6xxZ-waArDQ
Email: HistoryByJew@gmail.com
What are your thoughts on this episode and the awesome Seth Fleishman?
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